DIABETES MELLITUS

 


 DIABETES MELLITUS

 

Definition:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that lasts over a long time and is associated with abnormally high blood sugar levels. It arises as a result of two factors: lack of insulin in the body due to insufficient secretion by the pancreas or failure of target cells to respond properly to the produced insulin hormone.

 

Types Of Diabetes Mellitus:

 

  • Ø Type 1 Diabetes: This condition occurs as a result of the body’s immune system erroneously destroying the beta cells in the pancreas responsible for the production of insulin, hence the individual produces little or no insulin.
  •  
  • Ø Type 2 Diabetes: This condition is caused by a combination of relative deficiency of insulin and its resistance to action by the body. Epidemiologically, it is predominant and is very often associated with ways of living.
  •  
  • Ø Gestational Diabetes: Develops during one of the phases of pregnancy and usually is relieved after delivery. However, it predisposes the woman to type two diabetes in later years.
  •  
  • Ø Other Types: These comprise the syndromes of diabetes associated with gene defects, and the diabetes associated with other disorders or therapies.
  •  

Signs and Symptoms:

 

  • Ø Polyuria: In medical terms, this means excessive urination. This comes about because of high blood glucose levels that make the kidneys work overtime to remove this excess glucose from the blood into the urine and therefore more urea is produced and the person feels the need to urinate quite often.
  •  
  • Ø Polydipsia: It refers to consistent excessive thirst. When many times the patient’s blood sugar levels are high, urination tends to be quite frequent and this causes a deficit of fluid in the body and therefore a need to take water as a means of replacing the lost fluid.
  •  
  • Ø Polyphagia: Extreme food cravings. Even with an increased food intake with people suffering from diabetes, weight loss may occur since glucose is not used well by the body for energy, hence the reason for the insatiable desire for food.
  •  
  • Ø Unexplained weight loss Feature of maximum weight loss without incorporating many shifts in the diet.
  •  
  • Ø Fatigue Extreme fatigue. This can be as hard to deal with as the diabetes itself.
  •  
  • Ø Blurred vision Visual symptoms can be attributed to occurring as a result of diabetes.
  •  
  • Ø Slow-healing sores In diabetes the healing process of injuries usually takes longer than lit by normal individual reason may as well be diabetes.
  •  
  • Ø Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet Cutting down two basic features of diabetes will greatly other alleviate some of the peripheral complications of the disease.

 

Causative Factors:

 Ø Genetic predisposition Types of Diabetes Mellitus can run in families.

Ø Sedentary lifestyle Physical inactivity as a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

Ø Unhealthy diet Observed Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Lifestyle. 

Ø Obesity Advanced features of type 2 diabetes mellitus modification of major risk factors. 

Ø Age Elderly adults have some assessment decrease in the probability of diabetes.

Ø Gestational factors Systemic inflammatory conditions and female reproductive age significantly impacts the risk of developing diabetes. 

Ø Autoimmune conditions Autoimmune polymyalgia rheumatica or poly arthritis, illnesses that can predict for evolution of diabetes mellitus.

 

Prevention:

 

  • Ø Maintain a healthy weight Control of excessive obesity and also the requirement to provide adequate caloric intake and as well adequate triggering weight control.
  •  
  • Ø Follow a balanced diet Proper dietary restrictions and hydration for as long as diabetes lasts.
  •  
  • Ø Engage in regular physical activity Promotion of physical activity by those diagnosed with Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus.
  •  
  • Ø Avoid smoking Effective Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco addiction as preventive measure of diabetes.
  •  
  • Ø Limit alcohol consumption Associating alcohol use with diabetes education on preventative behaviours.
  •  
  • Ø Regular screenings for early detection Wind down diabetes related forms of blindness by screening.
  •  

Management of diabetes mellitus:

 

Pharmacological

 

  • Ø Insulin Management: This applies more to the type 1 diabetes and sometimes type 2 diabetes.
  •  
  • Ø Oral Drugs: Such as metformin, sulphonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors etc.
  •  
  • Ø Incretin Therapeutics: GLP-1 receptor agonists as well as DPP-4 inhibitors may reduce the increase of blood sugar.
  •  
  • Ø Other Drugs: Such as thiazolidine, as well as other drugs like meglitinide.
  •  

 

 

Non-Pharmacological

 

Ø Diet Management: Emphasis is placed on taking normal meals, portion management and carbohydrate management.
 
Ø Physical activity: In addition to this normal exercise improves the sensitivity of insulin to action and blood sugar control.
 
Ø Monitoring: The discipline involves measurements of blood sugar levels and repetitive sampling surveys.
 
Ø Stress Management: Activities relieving stress may also helpful in blood glucose level control as stress knows how to disturb levels.
 
Ø Educations and Supports: Self-care education regarding diabetes and participation in diabetes support groups.

 

Complications Of Diabetes mellitus:

 

  • Ø Cardiovascular diseases
  • Ø Neuropathy
  • Ø Nephropathy
  • Ø Retinopathy
  • Ø Foot problems
  • Ø Skin conditions
  • Ø Hearing impairment
  • Ø Alzheimer’s disease

 

Diabetes is treated best when effective and regular follow-up care is practiced. There it is important for each diabetic patient to involve providers in coming up and implementing a well-rounded strategy specific for them. News that blood glucose levels can hurt different parts of the body is particularly annoying.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)

   HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) High blood pressure often referred to as hypertension is a long-term disorder of heart and blood vessels, where the pressure of the blood flow against artery walls is persistently high. This condition thus adds more pressure on the heart, blood vessels and other body organs which may result in various health risks.  Definition:  Hypertension is a situation whereby the pressures of blood against the walls of arteries are always raised. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded as two numbers: systemic hypertension, which is the pressure of blood against the arterial walls during its contraction (systolic) in relation to pressure during the heart’s diastole (relaxation). The normal blood pressure is frequently put at 120/80 which is known as normotension. Hypertension is normally defined as having your blood pressure level of 130/80 mmHg and above.    Types of Hypertension:  Primary ...
Read more

STROKE

  Stroke:  A stroke is also referred to as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) which happens when the blood supply to the brain is cut off, thus causing the death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Strokes are also very dangerous as they may lead to serious disability or even fatal in some cases hence are associated with rush healthcare.    Types of Stroke: 1.       Ischemic Stroke: This type happens when a blood clot enters the brain or when an artery is narrowed or blocked to allow little blood to reach the organ. 2.       Hemorrhagic Stroke : It is this type that occurs when a blood vessel that is weak gives way and starts to bleed in the surrounding brain matter. 3.       Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): It is also known as a “transient ischemic attack,” or TIA, and it results from a clot that is temporary. The symptoms are self-limiting and most commonly last for less than...
Read more

Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Definition: Coronary Artery Disease (also known as CAD) is a very common type of heart disease characterized by the narrowing or blocking of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. This reduced blood flow can cause chest pain (angina), heart attack (myocardial infarction) and potentially fatal arrhythmias. Types of CAD: Atherosclerosis: The most frequent, with plaque (made of cholesterol, fat, calcium and other substances) narrowing the arteries. Spasm of Coronary arteries→blood flow decreases suddenly → grief==>lessen oxygenation. Coronary artery embolism: A blockage, resulting from a clot or other material present in the blood.   Causative Factors: Risk Factors: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Cigarette smoking, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity and sedentary lifestyle,Familial history of CAD and Age. Inflammation, stress, poor diet and high alcohol use are another factors Prevention Methods: Well-balanced lif...
Read more