CANDIDIASIS (YEAST INFECTION)

Definition:

Candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs.

Causative Agent:

Candidiasis is caused by the Candida species, predominantly Candida albicans. Other species such as Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis can also cause infections.

Transmission Mode:

Candidiasis is often an endogenous infection, meaning it arises from the body's own colonization of Candida species. However, it can also be acquired through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces.

Types:

1. Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (Thrush):- Infection of the mouth and throat commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, infants, and those using inhaled corticosteroids or antibiotics.

2. Genital Candidiasis:- Infection of the genital area in both males and females, commonly known as a yeast infection or vaginal thrush.

3. Cutaneous Candidiasis:- Infection of the skin and nails, leading to symptoms such as redness, itching, and rash.

Clinical Features:

1. Oropharyngeal Candidiasis:- White, creamy patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, and throat.

- Pain or discomfort while swallowing.

- Loss of taste or altered taste sensation.

2. Genital Candidiasis:- Vaginal itching, burning, and soreness.

- Thick, white vaginal discharge (cottage cheese-like).

- Redness, swelling, and irritation of the vulva and vagina.

3. Cutaneous Candidiasis:- Red, itchy rash with well-defined borders.

- Presence of satellite lesions (smaller lesions near the main rash).

- In skin folds, such as under the breasts, groin, and armpits.

Prevention:

1. Good Hygiene Practices:- Keeping the affected areas clean and dry.

- Avoiding excessive use of antibiotics, which can disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms.

2. Proper Use of Antifungal Medications:- Following prescribed treatment regimens for fungal infections, such as oral thrush or vaginal yeast infections.

 Complications:

1. Recurrent Infections:- Some individuals may experience frequent or recurrent episodes of candidiasis, requiring long-term management.

2. Invasive Candidiasis:- In immunocompromised individuals, Candida infections can spread to internal organs, leading to serious systemic infections.

 Management and Treatment:

1. Antifungal Medications:- Topical antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories for localized infections.

- Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole, for more severe or systemic infections.

2. Management of Underlying Conditions:- Addressing underlying conditions, such as immunodeficiency or uncontrolled diabetes, to prevent recurrent infections.

3. Lifestyle Modifications:- Wearing loose-fitting clothing and avoiding prolonged moisture in skin folds to prevent cutaneous candidiasis.

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